How Bacteria Can Be Differentiated With Specific Metabolic...

Introduction Bacteria can be differentiated with specific metabolic activities. There are a variety of reagents and methods that can be used to distinguish species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the characteristics of four different bacteria through four unique tests. The bacteria tested include: Escherichia coli (Ec), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and Proteus vulgaris (Pv). Four types of tests were performed to understand the metabolic activities of the four bacteria. The first test executed was the fermentation of carbohydrates. The objective of this particular test is to identify the ability of microorganisms to ferment a specific carbohydrate (Reiner, 2012). The test can be used to identify three different ways in which bacteria can ferment simple carbohydrates. Bacteria can be tested for acidity, alkalinity, whether or not it remains neutral and gas formation (Reiner, 2012). To conduct the carbohydrate fermentation test, a pH indicator, bromocresol purple, is used to indicate an acidic characteristic (Reiner, 2012). Bromocrescol purple indicates carbohydrate fermentation media by turning a deep purple if it’s an uninoculated media, yellow if it’s acidic and purple if it’s alkaline (Reiner, 2012). Durham tubes are placed inside the tubes containing the media and bacteria to detect gas production (Reiner, 2012). Three different carbohydrates were tested for fermentation during this test: glucose, sucrose and lactose for each of theShow MoreRelatedUnknow Lab Report1325 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this lab was to identify unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests, and my unknown bacteria is #17. The identification of these unknown cultures was accomplished by separating and differentiating possible bacteria based on specific biochemical characteristics. Whether the tests performed identified specific enzymatic reactions or metabolic pathways, each was used in a way to help recognize those specifics and identify the unknown cultures. The differential testsRead MoreMango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment4132 Words   |  17 Pagestested against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. The resulting Numerical value was 2.5 for E. coli and 3.0 for S. aureus. The bureau used the standard parameter 1-2- slightly inhibited and 3-5 as partially inhibited. Thus, the inhibition of the mango leaves extract and coconut oil in E. coli was slight and it is partial in S. aureus. The researcher concluded that mango leaves extract with coconut oil can kill bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. It can also be concluded that it can help wounds healRead MoreNu-545 Unit 1 Essay5474 Words   |  22 Pages1. What is metabolic absorption? â€Å"All the cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein enzymes† (McCance Huether, pg. 2). 2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? â€Å"Peroxisomes are so named because they usually containRead MoreIndustrial Attachment Report at Cmr-Kemri9715 Words   |  39 PagesTechnology(MMUST).This attachment is purposely meant to bring into practice the knowledge and skills gained in classroom and also enable me to understand practical working methodologies in different companies/institutions.This report serves to summarize the activities and experiences gained with CMR-KEMRI for the period of three months. Objectives: –To have an opportunity to apply the principles and techniques theoretically learnt into real-life problem solving situations. Read MoreFamilial Cardiomyopathies ( Fc )5585 Words   |  23 Pagesadults, HCM is the leading cause of SCD in the young (3). It is a heritable disorder that is autosomal dominant (7) but can also be sporadic (8). HCM seems to mainly be caused by mutations in sarcomeric proteins; approximately 70% of HCM cases can be attributed to mutations in the sarcomere (8). 30-35% of all HCM has been related to cardiac myosin; these mostly missense mutations can result in high levels of hypertrophy (8). Mutations in Troponin T (TnT) account for around 15% of HCM (9). In contrastRead MoreBIOLOGY GRADE 11 NOTES Essay examples6702 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿Biology Grade 11 Exam Study Guide Diversity Taxonomic Categories Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchy From most general to most specific Binomial Nomenclature System used to identify all organisms on Earth Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology ïÆ'   Form and shape ïÆ'   It is simple but there are natural variations in population Read MoreHematopoiesis: Red Blood Cell and Bone Marrow6002 Words   |  25 Pagescontinuous regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation and maturation. It is the process by which immature precursor cells develop into mature blood cells.   The currently accepted theory on how this process works is called the monophyletic theory which simply means that a single type of stem cell gives rise to all the mature blood cells in the body.   This stem cell is called the pluripotential (pluripotent) stem cell. SITES OF HEMATOPOIESISRead MoreModule Quizzes Essay14245 Words   |  57 PagesModule 1: Syllabus How long do you have to take an E-test? 2 hours Which of the following is curved? E-tests and the E-final Final Grades have? Pluses and minuses If a positive feedback signals reaches the comparator, what occurs? Comparator will turn on the controlled Where should you go to find updates on the course? Announcements in Bioespresso Where should you go to access your readings and assignments? www.bioespresso.com Where do you submit your extra credit paper? DrRead More The Skeletal System Essay5845 Words   |  24 Pagesmuscles and acting as a system of levers to amplify small movements. As an organ, bones protect the viscera and house the hemopoietic tissue (red marrow). As a tissue, bones serve as a reservoir of readily mobilizable calcium, an ion vital for many metabolic processes including cell motility, excitability, secretion, phagocytosis, intermediary metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Bones (or osseous material) serve a number of diverse purposes in the human anatomy. In addition to providing structureRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 PagesChronic pain is usually defined as lasting at least 3 months and lasting well - - - ! ! beyond the expected healing time following the initial onset of tissue damage or injury. Specific (i.e., intervertebral disk degeneration) and non-specific low back pain (not attributable to a specific pathologic source) are global, common, chronic, and disabling pain conditions. Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is associated with injury to muscle, facia, and tendons and includes myositis, fibrositis

Different Theories And Models Of Personality - 2751 Words

Over many years of research, the word personality is still hard to define. Many psychologists disagreed on how to define psychology and how to identify behaviors through personalities. As there are many theories and models of personality, this essay will discuss the five-factor model, and its wide application within a culture or a community. One of the most important goals of personality psychology is the establishment of a model that can describe a person s personality and disorders that are associated with personality. Not only is the model suppose to be able to describe the human personality but it is suppose to help gain better insight and understanding of personality. Over time many models have come about from different Psychologist†¦show more content†¦Those were psychometric evidence, heritability, it must make sense and social relevance (Feist Feist, 2009). Over the next twenty five years, the work by Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, transformed Eysenk s Five Fa ctor Model to the framework used today. It is widely accepted as a theory that could predict and explain a phenomenon. Both followed the factor analysis techniques to observe the stability and structure of personality focusing mainly on two dimensions, they were extroversion and neuroticism during which they found the third factor; openness to experiences. Later on, McCrae and Costa concluded the five factor personality inventory (NEO-PI) that consisted of an unpublished three-factor inventory by Eysenk. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were not developed until the release of the NEO-PI (Feist Feist, 2009). The big five framework used today was developed by Paul T. Costa and Robert R. Mcrae in 1992. It has become exceptionally useful and research has shown how commonly it is used when describing personality. The five factors used in the model are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness and neuroticism. It is important to understand what each of these factors rep resent to gain a proper image of a person’s personality and how they represent their behaviors. Extroversion is seen as someone with a predominant concern for obtaining gratification from stimuli outside of the self. Extroverts tend to enjoy human

Globalized Economy Fair Value Measurements †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Globalized Economy Fair Value Measurements. Answer: Introduction: The overall assets are considered to be economic resources, which could be divided into tangible and intangible form. In addition, the overall assets are mainly controlled by the company, which could be converted into cash for supporting its obligations. The assets are divided into current and non-current assets, where current assets are mainly identified to be cash, accounts receivables and inventory. However, non-current assets can be identified to be machinery, land and equipments, which cannot be sold quickly to generate cash. In the similar way liabilities are mainly considered as obligations of the company, which needs to be paid in future date. These liabilities mainly incur from past transactions that is conducted by the company. Furthermore, equity is mainly considered to be the difference between total asset and liabilities of an organisation. In same instance, current liabilities can be identified, as account payable, short term obligations and term loan. On the other hand, non-current liabilities can be identified as long tem loan, bonds issued and long term financial obligations. The equity can also be stated as the contribution that is provided owner/shareholders in form of capital, which is directly used in maintaining the relevant activities of the organisation. The balance sheet statement directly reports assets, liabilities and equity functions (Scholes, 2015). Equity can be identified as the total investment, which is conducted by shareholders, which is depicted in balance sheet in form of common stock. Furthermore, the overall income is identified to be the revenue generated by the company after selling its products and services. Relevant income cash also is detected the overall inflow of funds, which could allow the company to afloat in the competitive market. Income can be identified as revenue and any cash inflow, which is received by the company. Lastly, expenses are the costs incurred from operations of the company, which help in deriving the actual net income from operations. Moreover, the Income statement mainly includes both income and expenses conducted by the organisation. Balachandran, Marra, Rangan (2014) mentioned that with the help of adequate financial report companies are able to depict their actual financial position to its investors. Expenses are mainly identified as the cost of goods, administrative expenses, rent and any cash outflow, which is been conducted by the company. The overall balance sheet directly includes net income, additional investment in the business, and owners withdrawal from the income statement. Hence, the income statement is directly related to the balance sheet for depicting the actual financial statement. The balance directly reflects in balance sheet as retained income, deduction in owners equity and high investment. The major linkage between income and balance sheet is the relevant transfer of cash inflow and outflow, which helps in deriving the net income of the organisation. Moreover, with the help of income statement the relevant changes in balance sheet cannot be conducted, which might reduce viability of its operations. Hence, charges of depreciation are also transferred to balance sheet reducing value of assets accumulated by the company. Providing relevant response to Bob: With the help of double entry system companies are mainly able to conduct business transactions in two different accounts. In addition, double entry system directly help in maintaining the relevant accounting equation, which is asset= liability + equity. Hence, the use of double entry system directly allows the organisation to adequately adjust the relevant transaction in its financial report, where both increment in cash and liability both increases with the inclusion of bank loan. The income and expenses directly depicts the retained income of the organisation, which is reflected in equity section of the balance sheet (Loughran McDonald 2016). The balance sheet equation (asset = liability + equity) can mainly help in identifying the relevant double entry system, which might tally all the relevant entries. The use of double entry system such as depreciation entry could reduce the balance in income statement and reduce asset value in balance sheet for tallying the balance sheet equa tion. The errors in the double entry system are mainly identified from the use of Trial balance, which could directly identify any kind of problems those in recording transactions. The overall errors identified by the owner detected from trial balance could directly reflect on the financial performance of the organisation. The overall wrong entry could be conducted, which might reflect on the double entry system but could only be detected in Trail balance. Hence, the double entry system does not present the errors, which could be conducted while recordings made by individuals (Palepu, Healy Peek, 2013). Therefore, the errors in double entry system can be conducted in the recording process, which might be the case for Sarah. This error in recording could directly reflect on the trail balance from which the entries can be adjusted and depict the actual transaction of the organisation. Blacker Ltd Balance sheet: Particulars Amount Current assets Cash $ 785,695 Inventories $ 42,000 Prepaid rent $ 10,000 Shop fittings and fixtures $ 9,480 Term deposit $ 200,000 Total current assets $ 1,047,175 Noncurrent assets Land purchased $ 400,000 Total $ 1,447,175 Current liabilities Payables $ 20,500 Noncurrent liabilities Loan $ 400,000 Equity Shareholders investment $ 1,000,000 Retained earnings $ 26,675 Total $ 1,447,175 References: Balachandran, K. R., Marra, A., Rangan, S. (2014). Research Challenges in Accounting and Finance in a Globalized Economy Fair value measurements, Valuation models, and Management practices.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,29(1), 88-89. Loughran, T., McDonald, B. (2016). Textual analysis in accounting and finance: A survey.Journal of Accounting Research,54(4), 1187-1230. Palepu, K. G., Healy, P. M., Peek, E. (2013).Business analysis and valuation: IFRS edition. Cengage Learning. Scholes, M. S. (2015).Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall.

Mother Is a Symbol of Secrifice Essay Example

Mother Is a Symbol of Secrifice Essay Mother is a Symbol of Sacrifice â€Å"The heart of a mother is a deep ocean at the bottom of which you will always find forgiveness. † A great saying A mother is a unique relation in humanity which has no replacement at all. No one can return for mother’s sacrifices. Nothing can come close to the love that a mother feels for her children. Mothers carry the young ones before they are born and then continue to nurture them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. She takes the total responsibility to take care of the children. Mother’s job is not always an easy one. Just imagine about the human life cycle from conception to death. Who cares for a child, who worries until a child is back at home, who waits at the door if a child is late, who shows the right path, who speaks our language, how sacrifices at each and every point for the benefits of children? , it’s a great relation of a mother. Mothers make sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their childhood. It is hard to describe the feeling that a mother has towards her children. A mother puts her children before anything else, including their own comfort and happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Is a Symbol of Secrifice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Is a Symbol of Secrifice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Is a Symbol of Secrifice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Living at home is another name of awaking early morning, preparing food, washing clothes, cleaning home, teaching children, giving up own desires for the benefit of kids at each and every stage. Is this not a name of sacrifice? A mother is a backbone of family. Without a mother the home is homeless, life is dark and world is purposeless. A famous saying states that God could not be everywhere and so he invented mothers, these words are a great inspiration to mothers across the world but of course God is everywhere beyond our imagination and the great thing ‘God created a mother’. A mothers love is something that no one can explain, It is made of deep devotion and of sacrifice and pain, It is endless and unselfish. The one without a mother can only realize all this. A mother is a symbol of success. The great Saints are also born by a mother. No relation can compete with mother’s relation. Mother’s lap is a first school which teaches great discipline of life and produces a great people like Data Ali Hajvery and Hazrat Ghouse Ali Shah. As a reward of mother’s sacrifices, God has given the great place to a mother. Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) said, Paradise lies at the feet of mothers. Emphasizing that each of us should respect his/her mother and that pleasing them will make us successful in world hereafter. If someone wants real success in both worlds, than should respect, regard and love mother and don’t talk load. Once old women came to meet Mohamed (pbuh), he spread his sheet on ground in her respect. Followers inquired and Mohamed (pbuh) replied, she was my mother Haleema who gave me love, care and food from her breast. When mother of Prophet Moosa was died, God told him now to be careful while talking to me. Looking at a mother’s face with love and respect means performing a Hajji Akbar. This is the reward by a God to a mother’s sacrifices. Mother name is great. Will you hide the wrongs of some one? It’s only a mother who will always talk good for kids even though they are not good. She is the last to eat. It’s a mother who says a child, I miss you so much. I love you. You mean the world to me. Parents should be respected and revered throughout their lifetimes. The rights of a mother to be served and treated nicely is three times greater than that of the father because the mother bears the burden of the child during pregnancy, stands the pains of delivery, and then feeds the child from her breasts. All moms have one thing in common:    they make sacrifices to do what is best for their families. My mother is great, I love you mom very much. I pray from Almighty Allah, to give you great heath so that we can enjoy your shadow, guidance and love to enlighten our lives. Ameen. - Muhammad Tariq, Lecturer Fairview International School, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [emailprotected] com, Mobile: 0060104279870

Free Essays on Fethishism

Fetishism Fetishism is a perversion that is found, primarily in men, in which genital discharge is impossible without the presence of their fetish. A fetish, however can be a variety of things, yet there are three basic types of fetishes: an inanimate object (e.g. women's clothing, shoes, gloves, underwear), a part of the human body (e.g. foot, hand, hair, legs, breasts), or something odd such as, leather, rubber, the touch of velvet. Some fetishes, as observed by Freud, may not even be visible to the other person at all. In one case a patient of Freud was obsessed with the shine on the noses of the women he was attracted to. With regards to specific fetishes such as that the fetishist usually needs to look at, touch, or smell during or preparing for the sexual act. In some cases just the sight of the fetish could result in an orgasm. The Freudian view of fetishes changed over the years. His early view stated that fetishism was a result of some childhood fantasy or exposure that resulted in the fetish but he later changed the view. Freud later theorized that the fetish was a fear of castration on the part of the male. He believed that the association with the penis to the female reproductive organ was a reminder to men that castration is possible. This anxiety would cause the fetishist to associate his or her sexual desire with another body part or object. By doing this he or she can link sexual experience with another part and forget about infertility, humiliation, or anxiety. Usually the desire is linked closely to the genitals, it could be something seen when the genitals were first viewed, such as, underwear, or something associatively linkable to the experience (e.g. fur, which could be symbolic of pubic hair). In some cases kleptomania has been considered a fetish. Many fetishists develop a compulsive urge to obtain their cherished articles by any means possible. They may become sexually... Free Essays on Fethishism Free Essays on Fethishism Fetishism Fetishism is a perversion that is found, primarily in men, in which genital discharge is impossible without the presence of their fetish. A fetish, however can be a variety of things, yet there are three basic types of fetishes: an inanimate object (e.g. women's clothing, shoes, gloves, underwear), a part of the human body (e.g. foot, hand, hair, legs, breasts), or something odd such as, leather, rubber, the touch of velvet. Some fetishes, as observed by Freud, may not even be visible to the other person at all. In one case a patient of Freud was obsessed with the shine on the noses of the women he was attracted to. With regards to specific fetishes such as that the fetishist usually needs to look at, touch, or smell during or preparing for the sexual act. In some cases just the sight of the fetish could result in an orgasm. The Freudian view of fetishes changed over the years. His early view stated that fetishism was a result of some childhood fantasy or exposure that resulted in the fetish but he later changed the view. Freud later theorized that the fetish was a fear of castration on the part of the male. He believed that the association with the penis to the female reproductive organ was a reminder to men that castration is possible. This anxiety would cause the fetishist to associate his or her sexual desire with another body part or object. By doing this he or she can link sexual experience with another part and forget about infertility, humiliation, or anxiety. Usually the desire is linked closely to the genitals, it could be something seen when the genitals were first viewed, such as, underwear, or something associatively linkable to the experience (e.g. fur, which could be symbolic of pubic hair). In some cases kleptomania has been considered a fetish. Many fetishists develop a compulsive urge to obtain their cherished articles by any means possible. They may become sexually...

Perlocutionary Acts Definition and Examples

Perlocutionary Acts Definition and Examples In speech-act theory, a perlocutionary act is an action or state of mind brought about by, or as a consequence of, saying something. It is also known as  a perlocutionary effect. The distinction between the illocutionary act and the  perlocutionary act is  important, says Ruth M. Kempson: The  perlocutionary act is  the consequent effect on the hearer which the speaker intends should follow from his utterance. Kempson offers this summary of the three interrelated speech acts originally presented by John L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words published in 1962: A speaker utters sentences with a particular meaning (locutionary act), and with a particular force (illocutionary act), in order to achieve a certain effect on the hearer (perlocutionary act). Examples and Observations A. P. Martinich, in his book, Communication and Reference, defines a perlocutionary act as follows: Intuitively, a perlocutionary act is an act performed by saying something, and not in saying something. Persuading, angering, inciting, comforting and inspiring are often perlocutionary acts; but they would never begin an answer to the question What did he say? Perlocutionary acts, in contrast with locutionary and illocutionary acts, which are governed by conventions, are not conventional but natural acts (Austin [1955], p. 121). Persuading, angering, inciting, etc. cause physiological changes in the audience, either in their states or behavior; conventional acts do not. An Example of a Perlocutionary Effect Nicholas Allott gives this view of a perlocutionary act in his book, Key Terms in Pragmatics: Consider a negotiation with a hostage-taker under siege. The police negotiator says: If you release the children, well allow the press to publish your demands. In making that utterance she has offered a deal (illocutionary act).  Suppose the  hostage-taker accepts the deal  and as a consequence releases the children. In that case, we can say that by making the utterance, the negotiator brought about the release of the children, or in more technical terms, that this was a perlocutionary effect of the utterance. Shouting Fire In her book, Speaking Back: The Free Speech Versus Hate Speech Debate, Katharine Gelber explains the effect of shouting fire in a crowded venue: In the perlocutionary instance, an act is performed by saying something. For example, if someone shouts fire and by that act causes people to exit a building which they believe to be on fire, they have performed the perlocutionary act of convincing other people to exit the building....In another example, if a jury foreperson declares guilty in a courtroom in which an accused person sits, the illocutionary act of declaring a person guilty of a crime has been undertaken. The perlocutionary act related to that illocution is that, in reasonable circumstances, the accused person would be convinced that they were to be led from the courtroom into a jail cell. Perlocutionary acts are acts intrinsically related to the illocutionary act which precedes them, but discrete and able to be differentiated from the illocutionary act. The Accordion Effect Marina Sbis, in an essay titled, Locution, Illocution, Perlocution, notes why perlocution can have a surprising effect: Perlocution has no upper border: any consequential effect of a speech act may be considered as perlocutionary. If breaking news surprises you so that you trip and fall, my announcement has not only been believed true by you (which is already a perlocutionary effect) and thus surprised you, but has also made you trip. fall, and (say) injure your ankle. This aspect of the so-called accordion effect concerning actions and speech actions in particular (see Austin 1975: 110-115; Feinberg 1964) meets general consent, apart from those speech-act theorists who prefer to limit the notion of perlocutionary effect to intended perlocutionary effects.... Sources Allott, Nicholas. Key Terms in Pragmatics. Continuum, 2011.Gelber, Katharine. Speaking Back: The Free Speech Versus Hate Speech Debate. John Benjamins, 2002.Martinich, A. P.  Communication and Reference. Walter de Gruyter, 1984.Sbis, Marina. Locution, Illocution, Perlocution in Pragmatics of Speech Actions, ed. by  Marina Sbis and Ken Turner. Walter de Gruyter, 2013.

Leadership and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Change - Essay Example With the mail-order being a success, Branson used the money earned from this company to buy a record store and to leverage it into a chain (Branson, 2009). Over time, he has managed to add 360 acquisitions to Virgin Music Group including airlines, trains, books, healthcare, wines, comics, fitness clubs, financial services and space travel among others (Bowerman & Wart, 2011). One major reason behind the success of Virgin group of companies is Branson’s unique leadership, charisma and effective timing (Fox, 2004). These qualities have enabled him to anticipate, and manage change effectively in his business empire. Though he is remarkably reserved and shy in person (Fox, 2004), Branson has the ability to change failures to his advantage, which enables him to gain publicity (Fabrikant, 1997). This daring nature has being the motivation behind his successful empire. Implementation of change Branson’s effective implementation of change can be illustrated by Kotter’s e ight steps change model. As the virgin empire started to expand in 1990s, Virgin megastores, and Virgin Records were doing well (Grant, 2005). However, Virgin Atlantic was not doing well, and it needed huge investments in order to break from being a small time operator to medium sized carrier (Branson, 2002); which is in accordance with Kotter’s model that requires establishment of a sense of contingence to affect change (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). According to Grant (2005), Branson’s ingenious ideas to wade through these circumstances were to float the company, and raise the required expansion capital via the city and shareholders. However, immediately after this decision, it became apparent to Branson that this decision was at odds with the kinds of risks shareholders were prepared to stand (Grant, 2005). Surprisingly, in creating a guiding coalition in accordance with Kotter’s change model, Branson decided to sell Virgin records, and bought back Virgin At lantic. It was through such strategic decisions that Virgin Atlantic has become a successful business empire today. Branson approach in his career is that of influence, and has the ability to create a common purpose among his followers; his approach is to make people achieve things that they did not know they had the ability to achieve (Daft, 2002). Therefore, Branson develops a vision and strategy to implement the specific changes, and communicates the same to his employees; these are among the steps in Kotter’s change model (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). He establishes the change, creates the guiding principles, develops the vision and the strategies to lead to the required change, or to attain his goals. Usually, every organizational change has a range of consequences, and one of the consequences of floatation of Virgin Atlantic was change in internal environment, and an organizational culture in which employees have to thrive in (Cox, 2009). One of the remarkable cultura l changes under Branson was making employees to have decentralized chains of commands, in ensuring that they are not answerable to one leader. Empowering employees for action is one of the steps in Kotter’s change model (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). Branson in his organizational culture ensured employees were answerable to shareholders (Grant, 2005). Grant further noted that Richard Branson’s principles and approach to handling change enables transitions to

Inflation and the Money Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inflation and the Money Supply - Essay Example Most of the economists indicate that one of the principal reasons of inflation is the unreasonable growth in money supply. The sources of this theory lie with Monetarist economists. Milton Friedman observed that, "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon," (Milton Friedman, 1987). The theory of inflation takes up the Quantity Theory of Money to propose that if the amount of money in the economy grows faster than the growth in the level of possible output, then this will affect upon the prices. In other words if the money supply grows too fast there will be inflation. The broad aim of this essay is to bring out the knowledge of the basic theory concerning the relationship between the growth of money supply and inflation in an applied context. This will demonstrate a clear understanding of both narrow and broad measures of the money supply and their linkages with relevant macroeconomic variables. Through analysis of relevant macroeconomics data which is taken from official data sources, a qualified conclusion concerning the relationship between inflation and money supply growth for a country is arrived. The main policy implications of the findings for the conduct of monetary policy are also carried out. The classical theory of monetary policy defines money as a medium of exchange. Money is utilized to carry out the dealings and it is indifferent in its affect on the economy. It cannot manipulate the real variable quantities like income, output and employment. On the other hand, the economy can determine the monetary variables like price level and monetary wages. Consequently the classical economists stated that price level is the function of money supply. This was explained with the help of the quantity theory of money. The level of prices will be double the quantity of money was the conclusion which they derived. Therefore any alterations in supply of money will affect the price proportionately. It is symbolised by the equation of exchange: MV=PY: Where M= supply of money, V= velocity or the number of times money turns over per time in the purchase of final output Y, P= price level of output Y. MV= PY is an identity element and hence can be written as MV= PY. This formula states that the amount of money multiplied by the number of times each unit of money on the average is expended to purchase final output at any given time. It is again multiplied by the price level of those goods and services that is PY. As Y constitutes GNP, P is the price level of the goods and services developed Y, and V is the number of times the money supply is used to purchase goods whose value is PY then GNP = C+I+G= MV= PY. The above theory can also be represented as: MV = PY, where V is the velocity of money. It is alleged to evaluate how often the money stock turns over in each period. It can also be written as: V = nominal GDP/nominal money supply, i.e., V = PY/M. MV = PY is treated as an identity and not an equation, since by the definition of V, it must always true. When there are alterations in M, P, or Y, then V may have to adapt. Empirically, the V in the identity above is not required to be a constant. If we assume that V is a constant, then we have the QTM, which can be tested empirically. The new version of the QTM is

Marshall Plan Essay Example for Free

Marshall Plan Essay How important was the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan to the crystallization of Cold War Tensions in Europe in the years 1945-1951? When considering the crystallization of Cold War tensions in Europe one can not overlook the impact of both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Although events were often ‘a cycle of action and reaction which makes the identification of ultimate causes difficult and probably impossible’ both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan signaled a turning point in relations between east and west Europe. The solidification of Cold War tensions in Europe is, for the sake of this essay, the point at which it was clear that relations between the United Sates and the Soviet Union were unsalvageable as their ideological differences became increasingly polarized. Although the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were considered by the American administration as ‘two halves of the same walnut’ to fully explore the consequences of the American policies one must look at them separately. The Truman Doctrine hailed in a new era for the US’s foreign policy through the definition of containment and the introduction of formal institutions such as the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence agency and the Department of Defense. This showed a move towards a more assertive foreign policy, arguably provoking the Soviet Union and escalating tensions between the two powers. Similarly the Marshall Plan’s encroachment on what the USSR saw as their sphere of influence through their offer of financial aid triggered a threatened Soviet Russia to intensify their authority over satellite states. Their dramatic actions in Czechoslovakia can be seen as evidence of the importance of the role the Marshall Plan played in escalating tensions in Europe as these events can be viewed as a direct consequence of changing US foreign policy. However to fully appreciate the complexities of the issues covered when looking at the development of Cold War tensions in Europe one must place these events in a wider contextual framework. To ignore the political, social or economic issues which form the background of this timeframe would be to oversimplify the issue. It is therefore imperative to look as the situation from both US and Soviet viewpoints whilst considering the issues the nations were dealing with domestically. By 1951 Europe was undeniably divided, with two power blocs emerging, east and west. Whilst the formulation of these tensions had originated from a shared history dating back to before the war, the culmination of these tensions is undeniably linked to both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan as they ‘solidified divisions of Europe’. The Truman Doctrine, through the role it played in outlining the Soviet Union as the enemy and defining the American policy of containment, was a hugely significant step towards the crystallization of Cold War Tensions in Europe. The Truman Doctrine argued that, after Britain’s need to reduce its participation in aiding Greece, congress must ‘immediately extend financial aid’ because of the threat of ‘communist domination’. However, far from solely asking for economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey the doctrine took on the role of calling for the ‘global containment of communism’. The combination of a definition of the United States’ foreign policy towards communism and the demonstration of their commitment through action did help the move towards a divided Europe. Furthermore it solidified and defined the ideology upon which US foreign policy was made. A key consequence of the Truman Doctrine was the changes it caused in the United States’ decision-making process. As Painter explains, the support elicited for the strategy of containment meant that American administrations were ‘able to act on their beliefs about the relationship between politics, economics and US security’. This signaled an era in which the US would base their foreign policy around their capitalist ideology, one completely at odds with the Soviet Union. These beliefs were strengthened by the introduction of new governmental institutions such as the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence agency and the Department of Defense arguably moving towards a more ‘activist foreign policy’ presenting a clear threat to the USSR. Kennan, seen as the father of containment was a crucial figure in the emergence of Cold War tensions in Europe through his writings that inspired the Truman doctrine. Whilst looking at the effects of the Truman Doctrine it is imperative that we look at the role Kennan took in not only promoting containment as a strategy of foreign policy but also defining the Soviet Union. From Moscow Kennan sent the ‘Long Telegram’ suggesting that the USSR was an aggressive nation and that the only successful form of American foreign policy would be a long term strategy of containment. Kennan encouraged the US to view the Soviet Union as ‘inherently expansionist and aggressive’, in effect suggesting that the USSR should be seen as the enemy. While Kennan explained his actions as not ‘directed at combating communism but restoration of economic health’ in Europe it is clear that his constant rhetoric describing the Soviet Union as a threat that needed to be contained did much to not only encouraging domestic fear and anti communist views but also to provoke the Soviet Union into changing its foreign policy. Kennan would further influence the escalation of tensions through the role he played in the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, like the Truman Doctrine, may not have intended to divide Europe, for a number of reasons this was the final outcome. Based around the ideas that ‘The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want’ the Marshall Plan was seen as necessary to avoid the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan was seen by the American administration as the ‘next important step against the perceived Russian threat’ as it was imperative to remove the misery and want which was rife in an economically ruined Europe. However, to the USSR the Marshall Plan was perceived quite differently, it was a western attempt to encroach on their sphere of influence. The Marshall Plan had far wider reaching consequences that simply supporting a recovering Europe economically. Through looking at the Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan we see that it played a key role in the crystallization of Cold War tensions in Europe. The reaction to the Marshall plan by the Soviet Union marked a turning point in relations between east and west Europe as they served to split countries whose ideologies were drifting further apart. As the Marshall Plan was arguably the spark set off the chain of events it can be seen as hugely important in the crystallization of Cold War tensions in Europe. Whilst the Truman doctrine may have put a strain on relations between America and the Soviet Union the Marshall Plan as Myrdal, who guided the Economic Commission for Europe saw it, it would ‘secure the iron curtain and bring on war’. The Marshall plan therefore seems to have been the point at which Europe was split as it presented to the nations of Europe the choice between the two great powers and their ideologies. To revisionist historians such as Kolko the Marshall plan served the purpose of bringing Soviet fears to the fore and thus increasing tensions. It is clear that the Marshall plan ‘forced Stalin to reassess his stance towards East and West Europe’ which escalated Cold War tensions. Many revisionist historians will argue that the Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan was one natural for a country that felt weak and under attack. It could be argued that the Marshall Plan in the eyes of the USSR was a concerted attempt by the United States to undermine Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. To Taubman and Kolko it is therefore clear that it was the Marshall Plan that sparked the escalation of tensions. Whilst it could be argued that this was not the case as the Marshall Plan was open to Soviet participation Crockartt shows that the US administration took steps to avoid communist participation in the plan. Kennan, who as aforementioned had been clear about his views on containment and the Soviet Union made sure that the plan ‘be done in such a form that Russian satellites would either exclude themselves†¦or agree to abandon the exclusive orientation of their economies’. This therefore encouraged divisions within Europe, as now there was a clear indication of whether or not the country subscribed to East or West ideologies. Furthermore many argue that the inclusion of Soviet states was due to a ‘desire not to invite the charge that the ERP was an anti-communist measure’ rather than a genuine offer of financial aid. One could therefore argue that it was not surprising that the plan caused tensions, as soviet inclusion was highly unlikely. The extent to which the Soviet Union felt threatened can be seen through actions taken as a result of the Marshall plan, seen by historians such as Gaddis as a turning point in the development of the Cold War. The Soviet Union now seemed to act on a wish to unite the communist parties around Eastern Europe through the introduction of organizations such as Comiform. The Communist information Bureau can be seen as an attempt by Stalin to bring the communist parties around Europe under more soviet control. Furthermore the Molotov Plan, seen by many as a Soviet version of the Marshall plan, aimed to provide financial aid for struggling economies that fell under soviet influence. The influence the Marshall Plan can be seen clearly through the introduction of the Molotov plan as it suggests that either Eastern European countries were so affected by their rejection of the Marshall Plan they needed a similar proposal or Stalin felt so threatened he felt the need to create his own version. However perhaps the most striking Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan was the events that took place in Czechoslovakia in 1948. The impact can be illustrated in the fact that the only remaining non-communist leader in Eastern Europe was removed, shocking the United States and heightening the divisions between east and west, polarizing both powers. The Czech coup, in which the communist part, with strong Soviet support assumed total control over the Czech government and purged any non communist political figures. Furthermore the ‘Stalinization’ of both Czechoslovakia and Hungary’s societies due to fears brought about by the Marshall plan further intensified the differences between east and west. Through the introduction of the collectivization of farming, an emphasis on manufacturing and a suppression of opposition eastern European countries were forced to become more extreme in their politics, separating Europe and increasing Cold War tensions. The reaction by the US illustrated the impact of events in Czechoslovakia as they it aided the swift implementation of the Marshall Plan, the creation of West Germany and in under a year the creation of NATO. It is clear to see therefore that the Marshall Plan played a key role in escalating tensions between the east and west in Europe. However, these views have been challenged. Although the impact of the combination of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine was undeniable in moving Europe towards a period of Cold War tensions the extent of their impact is a source of debate. The importance of the Marshall Plan is undermined by a number of issues that show that although it may have played an important role in the crystallization of Cold war tensions in Europe it was by no means the only influence. Historians such as Crockartt will point out the fact that one needs to consider the fact that both nations had hugely differing political styles and circumstances. The Soviet Union entered this period with ‘enhanced prestige after playing a key role in defeating the Nazis’and possessed, through ruling communist parties, tight control over their sphere of influence. The United States however placed a much greater emphasis on the justification of their actions abroad through official documents and formal organizations, as they did not, as the communists did, have puppet rulers in foreign governments. Therefore it could be argued that these differences in political style were the truly important factors in the consolidation of Cold War tensions rather than particular events or policies. However, whilst the differing political styles may have been important these were long term issues that had a constant role in the diplomacy between the USSR and the US. It would be difficult therefore to argue that these played any decisive part in the crystallization of the tensions these differences helped to create. Therefore it could be argued that actions such as the announcement of the Marshall Plan and documents such as the Truman doctrine were the real cause of the solidification of these tensions. One must look at this period of time not just as a chronological series of events but place these events within the framework of the political, social and economic features also prominent at the time. Much of the post-revisionist historiography, with the benefit of hindsight, takes into account these complexities and sees the causes of Cold War tensions in Europe as far more diverse. When these issues are taken into account we see that there was a host of issues at the time all culminating to solidify Cold War tensions in Europe. As aforementioned the Soviet Union entered the period with a new identity, that of a great power of the world. Both the US and the Soviet Union had to react to this change of order and historians such as David Reynolds will even argue that the Cold War was inevitable given the shared history between the two powers. However although tensions may have been inevitable, as mentioned earlier, the solidification of these strains seems to revolve around the implementation of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan as they polarized the nations ideologies and pulled them further apart. As Crockartt explains revisionist historians view American economic expansionism for capitalist profits as at the heart of tensions between the United States and the USSR and it was the differences in the two nations ideologies that solidified divisions. American determination to keep ‘western Europe (as a) safe arena for international capitalism’ was the fundamental force of strains between the US and the Soviet Union. The wording of President Truman’s message to congress on March 12 1947 regarding US involvement in Greece and Turkey arguably shows the intertwined nature between American foreign policy and capitalist gains. In his address persuading congress to assist Greece and Turkey Truman refers to capital spent on the Second World War as an ‘investment’ in world freedom. The document makes it clear that, to the US administration economic stability and freedom from communism are inextricably linked. The Marshall Plan can hoever be seen as the manifestation of these ideologies and therefore this argument suggests the Marshall Plan had an even greater influence. Furthermore the importance of the Truman Doctrine in heightening Cold War tensions in Europe is called into question as Painter points out Stalin did little to significantly support the efforts of the Greek communists. Whilst some may argue that this because of the success of US aid, others would see it as undermining the significance of the Truman doctrine as Stalin only showed slight concern for the success of communist rebels in Greece. However this could be because of strains in Soviet relations with Yugoslavia being a greater priority that the potential of a Greek communist uprising. Furthermore although Soviet reaction to the Truman Doctrine may have shown reluctance to act on Stalin’s part, US actions in Greece, Turkey and Iran showed their ‘determination to maintain Western access’ to overseas trade zones. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshal plan played an undeniable role in escalating Cold War tensions between 1945 and 1951. Although they may not have formed the basis of these tensions, which had built up in the post-war years, they seem to act as the nail in the coffin for US/Soviet relations. One could argue that as a result of the definition of not only their differences, but also the definition of the Soviet Union as aggressive and expansionist, the Truman Doctrine waved in an era of hostility. The Marshall Plan further polarized European states as one either subscribed to Marshall aid, or didn’t, in effect the Iron Curtain was drawn. One must never overlook the issues that formed the basis of tensions between the US and the USSR as these similarly contributed to the crystallization of cold war tensions. At the crux of strains between the US and the USSR were the disparate ideologies the two nations held at the heart of their foreign policy and as a result the contrasting ways of looking at events and actions. This period sees the polarization of these ideologies and therefore the solidification between the two nations can be seen as inevitable. However, fundamentally the Marshall Plan and The Truman Doctrine provided a platform for these tensions to develop and escalate and because of this they were hugely important in the crystallization of Cold War Tensions in Europe. Bibliography: Primary Sources: President Trumans Message to Congress; March 12, 1947; Document 171; 80th Congress, 1st Session; Records of the United States House of Representatives; Record Group 233; National Archives. Secondary Sources: Crockatt, R., Fifty Years War: United States and Soviet Union in World Politics (London 1996) Barros, J., Trygve Lie The UN Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953 (Illinois 1989) P.125 J. L., Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (1997) J. L., Gaddis, Strategies of Containment†¬: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War†¬ (Oxford 1982)†¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬ Hogan, M. J., The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (US, 1990) Review by Charles S. M., in American Visions and British Interests: Hogans Marshall Plan Kolko, G., The Limits of Power: The world and United States Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (1970) Painter, D. S., The Cold War: An Interdisciplinary History (London, GBR) Taubman, W., Stalin’s American Policy: From Entente to Dà ©tente to Cold War (New York 1982) p.172-3

Substitute Mothers in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays

Substitute Mothers in Jane Eyre    In Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane is an orphan who is often mistreated by the family and other people who surround her. Faced with constant abuse from her aunt and her cousins, Jane at a young age questions the treatment she receives: "All John Reed’s violent tyrannies, all his sister’s proud indifference, all his mother’s aversion, all the servants’ partiality, turned up in my disturbed mind like a dark deposit in a turbid well. Why was I always suffering, always brow-beaten, always accused, forever condemned?" (27; ch. 2). Despite her early suffering, as the novel progresses Jane is cared for and surrounded by various women who act as a sort of "substitute mother" in the way they guide, comfort, and inspire her. By looking into Charlotte Bronte’s own childhood and family background, as well as discovering aspects of Victorian motherhood in the mid-nineteenth century, one may be enlightened as to why so many substitute mothers are presen t to Jane throughout the novel. The substitute mothers, although a starting point for Jane’s emotional redemption, do not prove to fulfill what a mother in the Mid-Victorian era would be. Charlotte Bronte’s own mother died when she was only five years old, so she and her sisters were raised by her father, Patrick. According to John Cannon, author of The Road to Haworth, "The image of their mother was strong in their minds, and it is often seen in the fictional characters which the girls created, but they were all far too young to be influenced by her in any other way" (Cannon 19). Charlotte’s father tried to remarry yet was unsuccessful, and he therefore raised his children alone with some aid from his wife’s sister. Charlotte’s older sister, Maria, ... ...istreated" (Thaden 27). Given the background of Victorian motherhood, the nourishment, teachings, and support from the mother are never really present in Jane’s life. Placing other women in her life are able to fill the void where her mother would have been, but never fill the void as a mother really would.    Works Cited Berg, Maggie. Jane Eyre: Portrait of a Life. Boston: Twayne, 1987. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Beth Newman. Bedford/St. Martins, 1996. Cannon, John. The Road to Haworth. New York: Viking, 1981. McKnight, Natalie. Suffering Mothers in Mid-Victorian Novels. New York: St. Martin’s, 1997. Moglen, Helene. Charlotte Bronte The Self Conceived. New York: Norton, 1976. Nestor, Pauline. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. New York: St. Martin’s, 1992. Thaden, Barbara. The Maternal Voice in Victorian Fiction. New York: Garland, 1997. Substitute Mothers in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays Substitute Mothers in Jane Eyre    In Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane is an orphan who is often mistreated by the family and other people who surround her. Faced with constant abuse from her aunt and her cousins, Jane at a young age questions the treatment she receives: "All John Reed’s violent tyrannies, all his sister’s proud indifference, all his mother’s aversion, all the servants’ partiality, turned up in my disturbed mind like a dark deposit in a turbid well. Why was I always suffering, always brow-beaten, always accused, forever condemned?" (27; ch. 2). Despite her early suffering, as the novel progresses Jane is cared for and surrounded by various women who act as a sort of "substitute mother" in the way they guide, comfort, and inspire her. By looking into Charlotte Bronte’s own childhood and family background, as well as discovering aspects of Victorian motherhood in the mid-nineteenth century, one may be enlightened as to why so many substitute mothers are presen t to Jane throughout the novel. The substitute mothers, although a starting point for Jane’s emotional redemption, do not prove to fulfill what a mother in the Mid-Victorian era would be. Charlotte Bronte’s own mother died when she was only five years old, so she and her sisters were raised by her father, Patrick. According to John Cannon, author of The Road to Haworth, "The image of their mother was strong in their minds, and it is often seen in the fictional characters which the girls created, but they were all far too young to be influenced by her in any other way" (Cannon 19). Charlotte’s father tried to remarry yet was unsuccessful, and he therefore raised his children alone with some aid from his wife’s sister. Charlotte’s older sister, Maria, ... ...istreated" (Thaden 27). Given the background of Victorian motherhood, the nourishment, teachings, and support from the mother are never really present in Jane’s life. Placing other women in her life are able to fill the void where her mother would have been, but never fill the void as a mother really would.    Works Cited Berg, Maggie. Jane Eyre: Portrait of a Life. Boston: Twayne, 1987. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Beth Newman. Bedford/St. Martins, 1996. Cannon, John. The Road to Haworth. New York: Viking, 1981. McKnight, Natalie. Suffering Mothers in Mid-Victorian Novels. New York: St. Martin’s, 1997. Moglen, Helene. Charlotte Bronte The Self Conceived. New York: Norton, 1976. Nestor, Pauline. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. New York: St. Martin’s, 1992. Thaden, Barbara. The Maternal Voice in Victorian Fiction. New York: Garland, 1997.

How Does R. Dahl Illustrate Conflict Between Appearance and Reality in 3 of the 5 Short Stories?

How does R. Dahl illustrate conflict between appearance and reality in 3 of the 5 short stories? The Landlady appears to be very nice, friendly and kind, which we can read in the text: â€Å"She was about forty-five or fifty years old†¦ she gave him a warm welcoming smile† and â€Å"she seemed terribly nice! †. As we follow the plot, the reality of her is that she is probably a serial killer and maybe has a psychic illness. The character of Mary Maloney is similar to the character of the Landlady. They’re both killers, but there is a little difference between them, because we think the Landlady is a serial killer and she prepares to kill him, as Mrs. Maloney didn’t really prepare to kill her husband, however she prepared to set up a convincing alibi. She gave a nip of whisky to every policeman: â€Å"Why don’t you have one yourself. You must be awfully tired. Please do. You’ve been very good to me. † And just after that, she offered the lamb, which she killed her husband with: â€Å"Why don’t you eat up that lamb that’s in the oven? . But there is another difference; the Landlady actually wants to kill the boy as Mrs. Maloney killed her husband by impulse. The appearance and reality of the Man from the South. He seems to be a rich, good looking person. That’s the first impression of him, he is wearing a suit: â€Å"Just then I noticed a small, oldish man walking briskly around the edge of the pool. He was immaculately d ressed in a white suit and he walked very quickly with little bouncing strides, pushing himself high up on to his toes with each step. He had on a large creamy Panama hat, and he came bouncing along the side of the pool, looking at the people and the chairs†, and just after that the reality comes: â€Å"He stopped beside me and smiled, showing two rows of very small, uneven teeth, slightly tarnished†. The culmination point of the appearance and the reality in the Lamb to the Slaughter is when Patrick Maloney did an unusual thing: â€Å"He lifted the glass and drained it in one swallow although there was still half of it, at least half of it, left†. Their household appears to represent a domestic ideal- comfortable, middle-class, with a traditional division of responsibility, ordered and strong on routine: â€Å"Now and again she would glance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely to please herself with the thought that each minute gone by made it bearer the time when he would come† and â€Å"When the clock said ten minutes to five, she began to listen, and few moments later, punctually as always she heard the tyres on the gravel outside, and the car door lamming, the foot-steps passing the window, the key turning in the lock† which tells us, that she is waiting for him every day. She killed him by impulse, but then she set up a convincing alibi, and that’s the reality of her.

Criminal and Gang Members Anonymous Essay

Criminal and Gang members Anonymous is a program which involves a 12 step established by Richard Mejico. Criminals and Gang members Anonymous is a dogmatic and a non-profit organization whose primary aim is to help individuals who are honestly willing to quit gang involvement. The organization chief objective is to help criminals and gang members who honestly want to quit from gang and other criminal activities. They offer an alternative lifestyle free of illegal and violent activities through 12 step principles of recovering from devastating addictions. The organization is driven by their principal goal and welcomes all interested members to quit dreadful effects of gang operations. The organization acknowledges that gang involvement is intertwined to other compelling and addictive habits. The gang involvement may be addictive since they may be in form of co-dependency or in form of chemical dependence. The organization achieve to help these members to abandon from gang activities by helping them identify the magnetic force of gang manipulation that initiates compelling actions that have repugnant results. CGA members are addicted to destructive activities including hard drugs. These members have experienced a lot and they recognize that the end results of gang operations and destructive behavior is physical impairment, incarceration or death. Their wish is to help gang members abandon these addictive criminal activities and help restructure their communities rather than destruction. The following 12 steps of CGA will help these gang members quit from devastating past and lead decent lives. Reviewing the pat and admitting lack of guts to control addiction from any form of illegal activity which make life unmanageable and worthless. Become willing and believe that change is possible by learning from ex-gang members who have passed the path of recovery by learning the end results of destructive behaviors. Deciding to abandon destructive behaviors in exchange of moral principles and seeking God’s care, guidance and protection. Thorough review of the past, making a list of the right and wrong deeds and make reform strategies. Seeking forgiveness from God, ourselves and people around as well as confessing our illegal activities to a trusted person. Make personal commitment of abandoning illegal behaviors and focus on living manageable and decent lives through moral principles. Honest recognition of the shortcomings whenever bad thinking comes up and immediately rectifying our actions and thinking. Making a thorough list of all the destructive actions, realize the impact of gang activities in our lives and become fully committed to undergo reform. Asking for forgiveness from the people who were harmed and avoiding causing more harm. Admitting to take daily records of the behavior and have courage to admit the wrong. Seeking to improve spiritual awareness through mediation and prayer and asking for forgiveness and guidance in living decent lives, being responsible and caring for others. Realizing spiritual awakening by implementing the 12 steps and share first hand experience to other people who are willing to quit gang activities, assuring them that change is possible and living appropriately. Richard was sentenced to death for murder case in the Mule Creek prison. He was a hard core gang member, but he learnt a lot from Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous. He was given this book by a nun who visited him and changed his way of thinking and living. The book helped him to understand that change was possible and the teachings could be applied to criminals. Richard started to change other inmates and started CGA in 1997. The growth of youth gang and gang violence is being experienced in the modern society. There is an approximate of 3000 gangs with around 800000 gang members in America. Professionals are researching for appropriate strategies of saving the youths from gang crimes. The youths usually get involved in gang activities since they believe there are no alternative lifestyles. Building trust is one of the major barriers towards assisting the youth to abandon these gang activities. In order to get helped these criminals must acknowledge that they are addicted to these des tructive behaviors. These criminals and gang members should also understand the end results of their actions which will help them to take necessary measures. Gang and criminal activities are deeply rooted to a twisted way of thinking. Criminals and gang members think that the advice and opinions from others are inappropriate. They tend to talk more, but they never say what they feel. Their true friendship is basically with addictive behavior, illegal activity or chemical substance. They tend to think that going to school is less significant and reject fundamental principles of success. Principles of success help people to learn on how to live. The existence of gang members and criminals is characterized with confusion and anger thus they tend to seek gratification and relief from alcohol and drugs as well as being violent to others without any valid reason. They only feel life to revolve around them, their needs and wants and never consider other people’s feelings and opinions. They think they are hunters, yet they are hunted since they rarely find peace and harmony. These gangs and criminals have come to realize that change is pos sible and has chosen to undertake reform programs. Organizations and rescue centers have been founded to enhance radical transformation of the gangs and criminals as well as society’s attitudes toward the offenders. They also encourage the society to have positive attitude towards treatment of these offenders (Alexander, 2000). Homeboy industries is an organization that was formed to transform the live of offenders. They serve risky ex-gang members by offering free services and programs and also operate several social enterprises which serve as job-training centers. In 1972, Soledad Enrichment Action Inc. was found. Soledad Enrichment Action Inc. is a non-organization that was found by mothers who had lost their loved ones in gang violence.SEA has grown from a humble beginning to a famous service provider to high risk people, gang victim communities and families around Southern California. SEA main objective is to empower families, youth and communities by providing them with resources, guidance and support. SEA currently operates seventeen education centers, where they provide alternative education model to families and the youths. Their education program is personalized and hence enables high-risk persons to earn high school diploma. SEA admits an estimate of 3500 students per year who are the age of 14-1 8. SEA has a 77% successful completion due to their intense focus and rigorous standards. SEA provide intervention, civic engagement, reintegration, and support to victims of crime. SEA’s holistic program encourage individuals to learn to become better parents, accessing social services, gain employment, live successful lives, and completing high school education. SEA works with victims by helping them realize their potential, where they are, and help them to create a success path. SEA uses a multi-faceted approach to succeed in their objectives. The L.A. gang violence prevention and intervention program to be held in 2014 is focused in determining the initial cause of gang violence and come up with resolutions to combat those causes. Research reveals that social determinants and multiple environmental impacts push young youth into gang involvement. These factors include; poverty, early childhood trauma, addiction to the lifestyle, structural racism, traumatized communities, parenting as well as violent culture in the community. Abuse which includes substance abuse, sexual abuse and mental health might also be causal factors to gang involvement. Change should start from within rather than expecting others to initiate change. However, many people confuse the world change with system change because they believe that it is challenging for an individual or a single organization to transform the entire system. Another organization that transforms lives of offenders is Californians for Safety and justice. Californians for Safety and Justice is a nonprofit oriented organization which works with Californians from different walks of life to replace justice and prison system waste in general reforms that create a conducive community. Through partnership, public education, public advocacy as well as support to local best practices, California for safety and justice is able to promote effective criminal justice objective aimed at preventing cycles of crime and enhancing a peaceful community. Californians for Safety and Justice has a network of more than 5800 crime victims. The organization coagulate community and business leaders, law enforcement, health professionals, policymakers, crime prevention professionals and educators to replace expensive, old fashioned approaches of conducting business using latest justice priorities that advance public safety without depleting resources from social amenities. Californians for Safety and Justice is greatly supported by other foundations with similar objectives. Beit T’Shuvah is another residential and treatment center. Their services include family counseling, support, prevention programs, professional training and court advocacy to the community. The treatment admission programs that Beit T’shuvah offers include sex addiction, drug addiction, gambling addiction, alcohol addictions and other violent behaviors to male and females. The mission of rescue and reform centers is to strengthen and unify voices of individuals and other members of the organizations who are committed to abandon the epidemic of gang violence through provision of resources, education and policy advocacy. These gang and criminals wish to abandon destructive behaviors since they acknowledge that they jeopardize community health, build up and initiate health inequalities. There is relationship between gang, drugs, firearm violence and firearm accessibility. There is high prevalence of gun violence and homicide in many European countries. In order to combat gang and criminal activity, it is vital to understand the role of drugs and gangs in enhancing violence. Acknowledging the trend and reasons behind gun violence increase especially among youthful gangs has become an issue of concern. Governments have designed and implemented various policies aimed at reducing gun violence, however, some pose more harm than good. The increased gang violenc e can be associated by the increase in urban street gangs. Most firearm homicide cases have been associated to wars among groups of youth and gangs who are involved in the drug activities (Alexander, 2000). The ex-gang members explain how gang destructive behavior is associated to gun availability and drugs. Participation in gangs increases the probability of the youths getting involved in guns. Violence is a complex issue which governments are unable to control through regulation to gun access. The limits to private ownership of firearms aim at cutting down the access of firearms by the offenders. However, the criminals still access firearms from black markets. Richard Mejico, the founder of CGA recognized that his glory was destructive thus he started the mission of requesting his fellow prisoners to abandon gangs and prison lives. The organization is also likely to cut down crime outside the prison. On September 21st, the officials held 65 corrections and politicians in a forum set for CGA. This forum aimed at spreading the organization. Mejico and at least 30 robbers, rapists, and killers testified how the program had changed their lives. Mejico criticized people’s view of ga ng members; he said that they have fear and all they need is love from the society. They should not be asked about what they have done since that is their past rather people should focus on helping them to reform. They can learn to love the same way they learn violent behaviors. Retrieved from http://www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584 CGA program has spread since its humble beginning at Mule Creek in 1997, where inmates are transferred to other prisons. Mejico’s objective is to inspire others to spread the program in schools, communities and prisons. He also added that he did not start the organization for recognition, but because it saved his life. Mule Creek spokesperson said that Mejico served two years imprisonment for killing a man who defiled his girlfriend. Two months later, Mejico committed another murder for his group in Los Angeles. This was a double murder and he was sent to death line. In the prison, he gained reputation as the Mexican mafia due to other gang members’ loyalty. A nun regularly visited him at San Quentin State prison and pestered him to abandon gang activities. He usually listened but he never changed until the Supreme Court ruled out that his death sentence be changed into life imprisonment in 1978. He also acknowledged that change is strategic and not immediate. Mejico st udied degree in psychology in San Jose University. Alcoholics Anonymous program is another field that he pursued, but it did not touch his issues. He came to understand how he developed hatred since his girlfriend was raped. He came to understand that his hatred was initiated by emotions rather than any reason. The first step for the people undertaking the program is to admit that their lives are not manageable. Then they should research on what propelled their deviance, look for divine growth and formulate amendments with victims. In a meeting at Mule Creek prison, prisoners testified of how their youthful pains initiated violent crimes. One of the prisoner by the name Willie, spoke of how his hate for his abusive and often abusive dad. His father’s meekness propelled him to kill to get behind bars. Willie also stabbed a man in the prison. He also admitted of how he was addicted to destructive behavior. Mejico said that the resentment force driving violent actions should not be an escape goat. Being honest and humble with one self and cutting short the false comfort of gangs or crime is very significant to achieving transformation. Mejico acknowledge that there is additional tranquility for the potential victims who are undertaking the program. A 26 year old prisoner, Joey Ray Lucero who pleaded guilty for attempted murder came to learn that gang life is wrong. While serving his sentence at Mule Creek prison, he joined CGA and he is currently helping potential victims to abandon their destructive behavior. He is also undertaking lectures at East Los Angels College where he also joined football club. Lucero said that he was raised in San Diego as a third-generation member of a gang in his neighborhood. His peers were heroin addicts where he was shown to be loyal to show no pain to the gang. Lucero said, â€Å"†You spend all those years fighting for a street corner or number or color that isn’t yours, lot of bloodshed – five, six generations – for what?† He regrets he cannot pay a visit to his old neighborhood because of the fear of being killed for betraying his gang members. On the other side he is happy since the CGA program had completely changed his life. Mejico believes that he can spre ad the program through CGA website and writing letters to the public as well as other potential victims. He also said that offenders should speak out their problems so that they won’t harm anybody. He also asked people to support his mission since he is still serving his life sentence. Retrieved from http://www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584 In conclusion, CGA is a very significant program that helps offenders to understand that being courageous is not characterized by actions of violence to earn praise from the gang members. True courage can be defined as the act of doing what is right and best to ourselves. It is the ability of refusing being manipulated by other and taking positive direction to achieve decent and manageable lives. Gang and criminal activities is an addictive behavior and should be addressed just like any other epidemic. The first step towards transformation is for the potential victims to realize that their lives are unmanageable followed by identifying what initiated their deviance. This will help them seek spiritual growth and in making amendments with other victims. The offenders should also believe that change is possible; however, it is gradual rather than immediate. References Seeking freedom from gangs’ grip – Criminals and Gangmembers Anonymous . (n.d.). http://www.gblc.se/. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http://www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584 Alexander, R. (2000). Counseling, treatment, and intervention methods with juvenile and adult offenders. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Promising and model crime prevention programs. (2008). Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre. Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles – Who We Are. (n.d.). Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles – Who We Are. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http://new.vpcgla.org/who-we-are Source document

Reconstruction and Deconstruction of the World through Cultural Studies

Reconstruction and Deconstruction of the World through Cultural Studies Introduction Learning involves critical reading, clear conceptualization of ideas, understanding and appreciation of others’ ideologies. The study of social and cultural disciplines provides a unified platform for the analysis of different cultural activities in the context of reconstruction or deconstruction of the world, as we know it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reconstruction and Deconstruction of the World through Cultural Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The major spheres of the world’s reconstruction and deconstruction include societal, cultural, economical and political aspects and remain a major area of focus in the cultural studies and therefore calls for critical understanding of the different cultural backgrounds and cultural activities of the world generally found in cultural and social books and films. The study of cultures continues to propagate the deconstruction of the world as it is. Learning of the old cultures, clinking on to them, and believing on these olden cultural myths and history bars development and progress politically and socially among citizens across nations. Misinterpretation of cultures plays a critical role in destroying the world through conflict of cultures in learning institutions, places of work or even in places of worship. In the cases of cultural misunderstanding and conflicting societies, there is little or no progress economically, politically, and socially. Moreover, some cultures have no ‘respect’ for nature; here nature comes at the bottom of priorities but human life and sustenance comes first and this phenomenon confirms outright deconstruction of the world by cultural studies. On the other hand, cultural studies disseminate information, ideologies, and interpretations of cultural activities and action important in the development and creation of health societies and communities across countries of the world . Understanding of cultural myths and exchange of ideas through sharing of experiences in a social class destroys autonomy of cultures and encourages communism of cultures. Cultural studies in deconstruction of the world The concept of culture industry and its social and political effects The concept of culture industry involves the centralization of cultural masses to one marketplace where the best pieces of art or popular cultural activities succeed. This concept largely destroys the autonomy of one culture given that, the integration of masses of culture gives each piece of art whether high art, or low art, an equal opportunity of expression.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Politically, the concept of culture industry destroys the spirit of capitalism in cultural activities where each culture enjoys cultural expression and presentation individually and independentl y to the now collective and centralized cultural mass presentation (Adorno 482). By the political disturbance of the initiation of the cultural industry, societies lack freedom of cultural expression and presentation and appreciation of their cultural creativity simply because perhaps their pieces of art did not succeed in the centralized marketplace and therefore, genuine happiness decreased in the society. Controls in production and distribution exist with prices dependent on the utility of the piece of art to the customer. Affecting freedom of cultural expression affects societal and political aspects of ‘world construction’ and progress therefore propagating deconstruction of the world. Effects of Myths and History in Deconstruction of the World Myths and history play an important role in deconstruction of the world; in his book, ‘the great family of man’ Barthes portrays man everywhere across the continent to have similar sequence of events throughout one’s life and places nature at the bottom of history (Barthes 345). The argument comes from analysis of several photographs of people taken from different parts of the world and shows men to be universally the same with similar characteristics and behavior. The interpretation of the photographs attributes man to undergo similar conditions regardless of his or her geographical location. According to the myth and history here, men are born; they work, play, and die. History gives meaning to each human condition through which the entire family of men passes especially death. The myth and history do not give recommendation on improvement of facilities of the world to prevent misfortunes like injuries and death but after death, myths and history will hold that, ‘once born ought to die’ even if the death resulted from high child mortality caused by lack of basic human necessities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reconstruction and Deconstruct ion of the World through Cultural Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firm belief on such myths and history learned from cultural disciplines implicates continuous deconstruction of the world. Racial Policies and Deconstruction of the World Cultural studies propagate moral decay across the societies and communities of the world through the publication of literature materials, magazines, and branding of commercial merchandise and clothing with information advertising or spreading sexual immorality such as gay as is the case with Abercrombie and Fitch branding company (McBride 567). As a marketing strategy, these brandings target the white youth from upper class families. The company practices employment discrimination based on race, color, and nationality. Employment policy favors the whites only at the expense of the other races. Employment remains purely for the whites even requiring submission of current photographs by every employee to the management in order to maintain the ‘A F look’ as referred after every quarter of the year. Vices such as discrimination, racism and moral drainage cause decreased economic, political, and social development with the favored community, society or race progressing while on the other hand, the marginalized people languishing in poverty especially where discrimination in employment applies. Cultural Studies in Reconstruction of the World Meaning Of Cultural Text via Decoding and Appropriation Decoding entails the right interpretation of a text, image, or figure for better understanding because every text, image, or figure has a hidden meaning encoded in it. The main meaning encoded in these texts comprises the dominant intended meaning. Every cultural image or artifacts carry with it some message that requires interpretation. Negotiation as a type of cultural text interpretation involves allowing different people to interpret a cultural text, image, or figure in th eir own way and make their own judgments (Cartwright and Sturken 544). People look at the cultural artifacts; cultural performances such as dances and rituals then make their own interpretation.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The meaning here is not fixed but depends on people’s perception about the image or text. Cultures enjoy the freedom of expression and subsequent interpretation is not limited to the producers of the art but diversified to other people, each making his/her own meaning depending on his/her thinking. In this case, the dominant ideology surrounding a particular piece of art and barring change erodes, giving way for new ideologies with high potential of progress. The act of allowing diversified interpretation of cultural activities allows the inclusion of significant meaning which affect other aspects of world reconstruction as economic growth, political and social development as people enjoy the freedom of cultural interpretation without discrimination. On the other hand, cultural appropriation plays a central role in propagation of contradiction to the dominant ideology of a cultural text. It involves ‘borrowing’ of meaning and changing of the dominant meaning of a cultural artifact, image or product to mean something else different. For instance, political art uses cultural appropriation to form political campaign slogans while the health sector uses appropriated cultural artifacts to warn against the spread of the deadly killer diseases like AIDS. Through this method of cultural text interpretation, there is enhancement of reconstruction of the world as information dissemination involves some cultural slogans coined from popular cultural activities and actions. How sub cultures resist dominant social norms Mainstream cultures have a defined cultural norm, followed across the cultural communities; however, subcultures, normally within the cultures contradict the mainstream cultural norms. In the story ‘Real world of counter publicity’ cultural behavior exhibited is different from what the mainstream cultural values demand. The speech of the women is incredible especially those trapped in sexual immorality (Zamora 482). The expla nation of what women go through in sexual abuse is way beyond what the mainstream cultural values and norms require. The culture of immorality oppresses those practicing it and through counter publicity, which has political intervention use, it has a communicative tool to air out the problems including violence that the people in these subcultures go through. Here there is exchange of ideologies and decision making depending on personal thinking and interpretation. Political movements and alliances propagate campaigns against such cultural violence as experienced in the subcultures of sexual immorality, thus bringing into light the dehumanizing experiences and violence that women in the cultures of prostitution undergo. This helps in reconstruction of the world in that the hidden secrets of what actually happens in the world of prostitution is brought open for the public domain to decide. John Fiske’s concept of popular discrimination Contrary to cultural industry concept, wh ich stresses on the best form of cultural artifact to succeed in the central cultural marketplaces, the concept of popular discrimination stresses on functionality of the piece of art over the quality. This concept affirms that, if a cultural text applies to many popular cultural activities, then it is relevant and therefore people may produce meaning even beyond the intended meaning by the producer. The significant difference here is that, John Fiske stresses on flexibility of the product in its consumption and relevance of the cultural product to the people using the cultural artifacts (Fiske 345). With the relevance of utilization of the cultural products, there is correct interpretation of the culture hence leading to right and proper application of the ideas and knowledge obtained helping in the reconstruction of the world. Punk Rock Culture The youth in the music band ‘punk rock’ defies the dominant cultural understanding of beauty by adopting a youth subculture w hereby, fashions, hairstyles, body markings, and application of facial make-ups dictates is central to beauty and attractiveness. This emergent trend contradicts the mainstream cultural understanding of beauty, which only focused on body piercing and tattooing as the only ways to express beauty. Changes in the model of commodity production are also inevitable in the punk rock performance whereby, things like current car models are in exhibition (Hebdige 99). Current clothing fashions and shoes run in displays in different shopping mall. Success in business performance results from the integrated marketing style coupled with widespread production of youth products ranging from toys and magazines to house wares. This defiance of the dominant understanding of the beauty, success, and commodity in cultures has led to development of new forms of measuring beauty, success, and commodity for better performance hence enhancing development and confirming reconstruction of the world. Influenc e of the cultural class in understanding the world Through the cultural class, it is clear that the world belongs to us, and through our cultural activities, we can either reconstruct it to enjoy the best out of it, or deconstruct it to experience the unpleasant effects thereof. Defiance from dominant cultural beliefs and understanding sometimes propagates one’s development because some cultural beliefs allow little or no room for additional thoughts, which can bring about development. Understanding of different cultural activities from the cultural class helps to understand the entire world hence improves the understanding of why things happen the way they happen in different parts of the world. Conclusion Cultural studies provide a rich ground and a unique opportunity for exchange of ideologies and sharing of experiences from different cultural groups. The ideas exchanged and experiences shared helped me to understand the world critically through the lenses of reconstructed world, as it ought to be. Adorno, Theodor. The culture industry; selected essays on mass cultures. London: Routledge, 1991. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: The noonday press, 1957. Cartwright, Lisa, and Sturken, Marita. Practise of looking. New York: Oxford university press, 2009. Fiske, John. Understanding popular cultures. London: Metheun and company limited, 2005. Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Routledge, 1979. Zamora, Pedro. Real world counter publicity: Performing an ethics of the self. Paris: Seuil, 1982.

How to Conjugate the Verb Dire in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Dire in Italian â€Å"Dire† is a verb you’re going to use a lot when telling stories (you know, the whole â€Å"he said, she said† bit), so it’s a great one to get comfortable with, and you can do using the examples and conjugation tables below. Some Definitions of â€Å"dire† To sayTo tellTo reciteTo speak What to Know About â€Å"dire† It’s an irregular verb, so it doesn’t follow the typical -ire verb ending patternIt’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"dire†.The participio passato is â€Å"detto†.The gerund form is â€Å"dicendo†.The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo detto†. INDICATIVO/INDICATIVE Il presente io dico noi diciamo tu dici voi dite lui, lei, Lei dice essi, Loro dicono Esempi: Dicono che il ristorante à ¨ chiuso. - They are saying that the restaurant is closed.Maria dice sempre la verit. - Maria always tells the truth. Il passato prossimo io ho detto noi abbiamo detto tu hai detto voi avete detto lui, lei, Lei ha detto essi, Loro hanno detto Esempi: E poi gli ho detto che lo amavo. - And then I told him that I loved him.I miei insegnanti non mi hanno detto che gli italiani parlavano cosà ¬ veloce. - My teachers did not tell me that Italians would speak so quickly. L’imperfetto io dicevo noi dicevamo tu dicevi voi dicevate lui, lei, Lei diceva essi, Loro dicevano Esempi: Carlotta diceva che conosce un ragazzo che ti piacer. - Carlotta said that she knows a guy who you’ll like.Mi ricordo bene quello che dicevano. - I remember well what they used to say. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo detto noi avevamo detto tu avevi detto voi avevate detto lui, lei, Lei aveva detto essi, Loro avevano detto Esempi: Qualcuno mi aveva detto che Viterbo non era un posto interessante, invece à ¨ bellissimo. - Someone had told me that Viterbo wasn’t an interesting place, actually it’s beautiful.Durante l’esame pensavo spesso a quello che il professore aveva detto. -   During the examination I often thought about what the professor had said. Il passato remoto io dissi noi dicemmo tu dicesti voi diceste lui, lei, Lei disse essi, Loro dissero Esempi: Mi disse che voleva trasferirsi in Cina. - He told me that he wanted to move to China.Ci dissero che nostro nonno era un eroe. - They told us that our grandpa was a hero. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi detto noi avemmo detto tu avesti detto voi aveste detto lui, lei, Lei ebbe detto essi, Loro ebbero detto TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io dir noi diremo tu dirai voi direte lui, lei, Lei dir essi, Loro diranno Esempi: Ogni uomo italico vi dir la stessa cosa!   - Every Italian man will tell you the same thing.Sono sicura che ti dir di si! - I’m sure she’ll tell you yes! Il futuro anteriore io avr detto noi avremo detto tu avrai detto voi avrete detto lui, lei, Lei avr detto essi, Loro avranno detto Esempi: La tua guida ti avr detto della storia di questo palazzo, no? - Your guide must have told you about the history of this building, right?Mi avranno sicuramente detto il nome della via, perà ² me lo sono dimenticato. - They definitely told me the name of the street, but I forgot it. CONGIUNTIVO/SUBJUNCTIVE Il presente che io dica che noi diciamo che tu dica che voi diciate che lui, lei, Lei dica che essi, Loro dicano Esempi: Credo che lui dica la verit. - I believe he’s telling the truth.Qualsiasi cosa ti dicano, devi solo sorridere e annuire. - Whatever they tell you, you’ve just got to smile and nod. Il passato io abbia detto noi abbiamo detto tu abbia detto voi abbiate detto lui, lei, Lei abbia detto essi, Loro abbiano detto Esempi: Credo che abbia detto di chiamarsi Francesca, perà ² non sono sicura. - I think that she said her name is Francesca, but I’m not sure.Dubito seriamente che abbia detto quello. - I seriously doubt that she said that. L’imperfetto io dicessi noi dicessimo tu dicessi voi diceste lui, lei, Lei dicesse essi, Loro dicessero Esempi: Non pensavo che glielo dicesse! - I didn’t think he would tell it to her!E se ti dicessi che non ti amo pià ¹? - And what if I would tell you I don’t love you anymore? Il trapassato prossimo io avessi detto noi avessimo detto tu avessi detto voi aveste detto lui, lei, Lei avesse detto essi, Loro avessero detto Esempi: Pensavo che mi avesse detto che eri single. - I thought you had told me that you were single.Scusa se sbaglio, perà ² mi pareva che avessero detto di non riuscire a parlare italiano. - Sorry if I’m wrong, but it seems to me that they said they weren’t able to speak Italian. CONDIZIONALE/CONDITIONAL Il presente io direi noi diremmo tu diresti voi direste lui, lei, Lei direbbe essi, Loro direbbero Esempi: Marco direbbe che sono pazza. - Marco would say that I’m crazy.Direi che te la cavi benissimo. - I would say that you’re doing really well. Il passato io avrei detto noi avremmo detto tu avresti detto voi avreste detto lui, lei, Lei avrebbe detto essi, Loro avrebbero detto Mi ha promesso che l’avrebbe detto! - He promised me he would tell me.Maleducato? No, avrei detto un po’ scortese e basta.   - Rude? No, I would say a little unfriendly, that’s it.